УДК 658.562

РИЗИКИ ХАРЧОВОГО ЛАНЦЮГА БІОЛОГІЧНО АКТИВНИХ ДОБАВОК (на прикладі вітамінних додатків, що містять аскорбінову кислоту)

© Бойко Тарас, Дух Христина, 2015
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка ”,
кафедра метрології, стандартизації та сертифікації, вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна

Проаналізовано структуру вимог до біологічно активних добавок відповідно до міжнародних нормативних документів; виконано їх порівняльний аналіз з національними вимогами. Показано, що вдосконалення чинного нормативного забезпечення щодо вимог безпеки біологічно активних добавок повинно ґрунтуватись на вимогах HACCP. Запропоновано визначати ризики як комбінацію втрат, оцінених через “втрату якості” схильних до небезпеки об’єктів, та вірогідності виникнення небезпеки, отриманої експертним оцінюванням ймовірності її виникнення. Зроблено висновок, що, ідентифікуючи на основі отриманих оцінок у продукті небезпечні чинники з найвищим ризиком, можна достовірно визначати критичні точки контролю і здійснювати відповідні коригувальні дії, а отже, підвищити ефективність системи НАССР
Ключові слова: біологічно активна добавка (БАД), вітамінний додаток, небезпечний чинник харчового продукту, оцінювання небезпечних чинників, ризики харчового ланцюга

Проанализирована структура требований к биологически активным добавкам согласно международным нормативным документам; выполнен их сравнительный анализ с национальными требованиями. Показано, что совершенствование существующего нормативного обеспечения требований безопасности биологически активных добавок должно базироваться на требованиях HACCP. Предложено определять риски как комбинацию потерь, оцененных как “потеря качества” предрасположенных к опасности объектов, и достоверность возникновения опасности как экспертная оценка вероятности ее возникновения. Сделан вывод, что, идентифицируя на основе полученных оценок в продукте опасные факторы с наивысшим риском, можно достоверно определять критические точки контроля и соответствующие корректирующие действия, а следовательно, повысить эффективность системы НАССР
Ключевые слова: биологически активная добавка (БАД), витаминная добавка, опасный фактор пищевого продукта, оценивание опасных факторов, риски пищевой цепочки

Biologically active additives (Dietary Supplements) - a special product that is used to correct the structure of human nutrition and to prevent certain diseases. One of the most common supplements are vitamin supplements. Their use is recommended in situation when the number of vitamin in the body is insufficient. That is why vitamin additives should be considered as an important products that require a responsible attitude to the evaluation of their quality characteristics. First of all it concerns safety hazard - risks. Organization that specifically created for standardization requirements for food products is the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The Commission acknowledges dietary supplements that contain vitamins and minerals as food, it is obvious that they should apply the requirements of ISO 22000: 2005. According to the standard, the concept of food safety means that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and / or consumed in food according to its intended use. Food is characterized by the food chain, which is the sequence of stages and operations since primary production to consumption. Food Safety should be monitored at all stages of the food chain. Basic concept by which determined food safety is a food safety hazard. It is a biological, chemical or physical agent in food or a condition of product, potentially causing adverse health effects. Risk as combinations of likelihood of damage and the effects of the damage. Risk is a quantitative assessment of food safety hazard. In particular, in the context of food safety risk is determined as a function the likelihood of adverse health effects (eg, the probability of disease) and materiality consequences of such exposure (eg, disease severity). In turn, severity, such as can be determined indirectly through duration of lasting disability of the employee in the event of defeat this dangerous factor and the probability determined by the characteristics of the distribution of probability derived from statistical processing of disability cases for the period.
For mentioned the size of the losses (primarily as a component of risk) assessment of the proposed so-called "quality loss". The concept requires explanation. Let facility in certain circumstances, can become a source of potential danger. If its quality as a set of properties that are responsible for security, goes to the “one”, the danger of such an object goes to zero and vice versa. Quality, as we know, can be estimated using the methodology of qualimetry using indicators of quality, which in our case will be safety indicators. The contribution of each indicator in the overall assessment of the factors traditionally expressed by weight coefficients. The risk can be determinated as a danger of loss quality, means deviation qualimetric assessment from “one”.
Probability danger (the second component of risk) should be determined based on the prerequisite programme food safety, which is the basic conditions and activities necessary to maintain the desired environmental hygiene throughout the food chain. Separate prerequisite programme is specific in each field, depending on the segment of the food chain, which operates the organization and type of organization. For example, it may be: Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Veterinary Practice (GVP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), Good Hygiene Practices (GHP), Good Practice Primary Production (GPP), Good Distribution practice (GDP).
The specified for certain products are operational prerequisite programme, containing identification and analysis of hazards that are significant to control their introduction to the food product. Identification, analysis and setting of values of probability in expert way involving, for example, the method of direct evaluation.
As food safety depends on the presence of these dangerous factors at the time of consumption, and the hazards can appear on any stage of the food chain, for adequate control in each link of the food chain must have the specific values of all possible risks. Accordingly, the requirements of HACCP should form the operational prerequisite programme identification and analysis of dangerous factors, which are essential to control the probability of introduction to food and to provide control measures and monitoring. Required to identify hazards in the product at high risk (assessment). And for each establish critical control points, critical limits, monitoring procedures and corrective actions.
Key words: biologically active additives (Dietary Supplements), vitamin supplement, hazard of food product, hazard assessment, risk of food chain

Кількість посилань 8

УДК 621.317

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ СТАНДАРТНОЇ НЕПЕВНОСТІ ТИПУ “В” НА ОСНОВІ СКЛАДОВИХ АДИТИВНОЇ ТА МУЛЬТИПЛІКАТИВНОЇ ПОХИБОК

© Васілевський Олександр, 2015
Вінницький національний технічний університет, кафедра метрології та промислової автоматики,
Хмельницьке шосе, 95, 21021, Вінниця, Україна

Запропоновано спосіб перерахунку адитивної та мультиплікативної складових похибок, аналітичні вирази яких отримуються розкладанням відповідного рівняння перетворення у ряд Тейлора, в стандартну непевність типу В. Цей спосіб апробовано під час оцінювання статичних характеристик засобу вимірювання кутової швидкості. Він дає змогу представляти характеристики точності засобів вимірювань відповідно до вимог міжнародних стандартів з оцінювання якості вимірювань.
Ключові слова: непевність типу В, адитивна похибка, мультиплікативна похибка, ряд Тейлора, модельне рівняння.

Предложен способ пересчета аддитивной и мультипликативной составляющих погрешностей, аналитические выражения которых получают путем разложения соответствующего уравнения преобразования в ряд Тейлора, в стандартную неопределенность типа В. Этот способ апробирован при оценке статических характеристик средства измерения угловой скорости. Он позволяет представлять характеристики точности средств измерений в соответствии с требованиями международных стандартов по оценке качества измерений.
Ключевые слова: неопределенность типа В, аддитивная погрешность, мультипликативная погрешность, ряд Тейлора, модельное уравнение.

A method for conversion additive and multiplicative constituents of errors, analytical expressions are obtained by decomposition of the corresponding transformation equations in Taylor series in a standard uncertainty of type B. Decomposition of transformation equations used means of measuring in the Taylor series allows to obtain analytical expressions of basic static characteristics of the means of measuring on the basis of which it is possible to explore the characteristics of changes in the sensitivity of means of measuring, the nominal conversion function, influencing coefficients, additive and multiplicative errors in a deviation of influencing parameters on their nominal values. This method has been tested in the evaluation of static characteristics of measuring angular velocity. It allows you to represent the characteristics of precision of means of measurements in accordance with the requirements of international standards to assess the quality of measurements.
These mathematical expressions allow investigation of basic metrological characteristics of a measuring angular velocity, and the causes and conditions that lead to increased measurement errors in the angular velocity of electric motors to be identified. To represent standard uncertainty of type B, which is caused by the presence of additive and multiplicative errors in the measurement means, mathematical expressions are proposed that allow recalculation of these errors to standard uncertainty.
The mathematical expressions were tested using the example of the recalculation of additive and multiplicative errors of the measurement means of the torque in the standard uncertainty of type B. The resulting mathematical tools and characteristics of change of the basic static metrological measuring means for angular velocity give us the opportunity to identify the causes of increase in error in the measurement of angular velocity in electric motors. This enables us to explore how to diminish or eliminate them, and also to synthesise measuring means angular velocity with standardised metrological characteristics.
To convert received instrumental error components measuring angular velocity in a standard uncertainty of type B and presentation characteristics of precision measuring instruments in accordance with the requirements of international standards to assess the quality of measurements suggested model equations given in the article.
On the basis of the proposed model equations executed counts additive and multiplicative error components measuring the angular speed of the combined standard uncertainty of type B, which is caused by the presence of the instrumental components of errors in deviation vlyayuschih magnitude of its nominal value. The studies found that the type B standard uncertainty is 3.38 rad/s in the range of conversion from 0 to 100 rad/s rejecting influence quantity β from its nominal value of 0.01 radians.
Key words: uncertainty type B, additive error, multiplicative error, Taylor series model equation.

Кількість посилань 10

УДК 006.91+536.5

МЕТОДИКА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТЕПЛОВТРАТ БУДИНКУ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ТЕПЛОВІЗІЙНОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ

© Дзіковська Юлія, Гоц Наталія, 2015
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра метрології, стандартизації та сертифікації,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, Львів, 79013, Україна

Проаналізовано методики розрахунку тепловтрат будинку, виявлено їх особливості та недоліки. Розроблено методику проведення розрахунку теплових втрат поверхні огороджувальних конструкцій будинку за результатами тепловізійного дослідження залежно від опору теплопередачі та градієнта температури базової й дефектної ділянок.
Ключові слова: теплові втрати, тепловий потік, тепловізійне дослідження, теплопередача, випромінення.

Проанализированы действующие методики расчета теплопотерь здания, выявлены их особенности и недостатки. Разработана методика проведения расчета тепловых потерь поверхности ограждающих конструкций здания по результатам тепловизионного исследования в зависимости от сопротивления теплопередаче и градиента температуры базового и дефектного участков.
Ключевые слова: тепловые потери, тепловой поток, тепловизионное исследование, теплопередача, излучение.

The application of infrared thermography as a method of estimation of heat losses of building structures is becoming more popular within the resolve the issues of power resources economy, determination of energy efficiency and increasing of buildings thermal protection. It should be remembered that the output result of buildings thermal imaging research is thermal temperature distribution of the investigated surface on the thermogram. Other information, including the value of the heat losses from the surface of the building envelopes, is gotten by analytical method, which involves the construction of certain algorithm. As the results of the review of recent researches and publications we can conclude that the usage of thermal imaging research is mainly limited by finding places with thermal field deviations from basic values and recognition that they are defective. Quantitative processing of heat losses that are related with it is missing out. Therefore, in the article the brief overview of current methods of heat losses calculation is provided, their features and weaknesses are identified and the method of calculating of heat losses of the building envelopes surface, that is based on the results of thermal imaging research depending on resistance of the thermal transmittance and temperature gradient of the basic and defect areas, is developed.
Methods, that are provided by acting normative documents of Ukraine, optimally satisfy the conditions of complex heat exchange because they take into account within the usage of the resulted and subjunctive thermal transmittance coefficients all three types of heat exchange, namely conductivity (through heat conductivity of material), convection (through heat transmission) and radiation (through heat emission). Thus, if we can find all unknown values in the methods formulas such algorithms give us possibility to determine the basic value of building envelope heat losses for a specific rooms and building in general. The negative aspect of the usage of these algorithms is proximity of calculation (for example, as a result of surface heterogeneity of the building envelopes) and the reference to table values of most variables, which can significantly vary from the actual values as a result of the building exploitation, the influence of climatic conditions, the repairs etc. In addition, the awkwardness of the calculations and the need of the simultaneous availability of a large number of normative documents increase the time that is required to their realization, respectively the cost of such work, as well as the growth of subjective component of calculations error.
Therefore we propose to add to the normative methods method of heat losses calculation of building that is based on the results of thermal imaging research.
The first algorithm involves the determining of the value of resulted resistance of thermal transmittance of defective area using its basic value from formula of the surface temperature distribution of the building envelopes.
The second algorithm allows to determining the growth of heat losses compared to its value of the basic area using the identified quantity of the relative resistance of thermal transmittance.
The disadvantage of these two algorithms is that to calculate the heat losses we must have information about the structure of the building envelope (its basic area) to determine the resulted resistance of the thermal transmittance of the construction. The effectiveness of these two algorithms is justified in the case of simulation of potential thermal characteristics of the building on the results of the implementation of the recommendations for building thermomodernization, when the resulted resistance of building thermal transmittance is predetermined.
The third algorithm allows to consider that in practice in real conditions operators have to work with the buildings of long time exploitation, for which its thermal characteristics are changed due to influence of various factors or data of these characteristics are absent. In this case, in calculating of heat losses we have to be limited only by the data of thermogram and the results of accounting of the research conditions to determine the resulted resistances of basic and defective areas. For this we provide the creation of the system of two equations based on the formula of surface temperature distribution of the building envelopes. Creation of such system is possible in three variants. Selection of each of them depends on the thermograms information of building and the possibility of second thermal imaging research, because each of the options makes its own budget of uncertainty in the resulting value of the resulted resistance of thermal transmittance.
The following algorithm for determination of the heat losses suggests their definition only in the radiative component of heat flux. It allows to limit the minimum number of input variables, whose values are provided exclusively by thermal imager and technical documentation on it. It should be remembered that such losses are always smaller than losses that are determined by the total heat flux.
On the basis of the calculation of building heat losses increase their monetary evaluation is conducted. It helps to estimate the recoupment of work to eliminate the sources of such heat losses.
Key words: heat losses, heat flux, thermal imaging research, thermal transmittance, radiation.

Кількість посилань 11

УДК 537.311.322

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТЕРМОМЕТРИЧНОГО МАТЕРІАЛУ Zr1-xCexNiSn

© Крайовський Володимир1, Ромака Володимир1,
Стадник Юрій2, Ромака Любов2, Горинь Андрій2, 2015
1Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна,
2Львівський національний університет ім. І. Франка, вул. Кирила і Мефодія, 6, 79005, Львів, Україна

Досліджено енергетичні, кінетичні та магнітні характеристики термометричного матеріалу Zr1-xCexNiSn у діапазонах: T = 80÷400 K, x=0.01÷0.10 і напруженості магнітного поля кГс. Показано, що характеристики Zr1-xCexNiSn чутливі до зміни температури і він може бути основою для виготовлення чутливих елементів термоперетворювачів.
Ключові слова: електронна структура, електроопір, коефіцієнт термо-ЕРС.

Исследованы энергетические, кинетические и магнитные характеристики термометрического материала Zr1-xCexNiSn в диапазонах: T = 80÷400 K, x=0.01÷0.10 и напряженности магнитного поля кГс. Показано,что характеристики Zr1-xCexNiSn чувствительны к изменениям температуры и он может быть основой для изготовления чувствительных элементов термопреобразователей.
Ключевые слова: электронная структура, электросопротивление, коэффициент термо-ЭДС.

The electron energy state, magnetic and transport characteristics of of thermometric materials Zr1-xCexNiSn were investigated in the K temperature range and at charge carriers concentration from x=0.01÷0.10 and kGs. The material Zr1-xCexNiSn is sensitive to the temperature change and could be used as the basis for the sensitive thermoelectric devices. We investigated the crystal structure, electron density of states (DOS) and the kinetic and energy characteristics of n-ZrNiSn heavily doped with the Ce impurity. Samples were synthesized at the laboratory of the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Vienna University. The Zr1-xCexNiSn crystal-lattice periods were determined by X-ray analysis with the use of the Full-prof software. We employed a data array obtained by the powder method using a Guinier-Huber image plate system. The chemical and phase compositions of the samples were determined using a Ziess Supra 55VP scanning electron microscope and an EMPA energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. The electronic structure was calculated by the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (KKR) technique in the coherent potential approximation (CPA) and local density approximation (LDA), as well as the full-potential linearized plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within density functional theory (DFT). In the calculations, we used experimental values of the lattice constant on a k grid
10 × 10 × 10 in size and the Moruzzi–Janak–Williams exchange-correlation potential parametrization. The width of the contoured energy window was 16 eV. The number of energy values for DOS calculations was 1000.
To predict the behavior of the Fermi level, band gap, and electrokinetic characteristics of n-ZrNiSn doped with Ce atoms, the electron density distribution (DoS) was calculated. The calculated results pretending to be adequate to experimental studies should account for complete information on the semiconductor’s crystalline structure. To obtain more accurate results, we calculated the DoS for almost all possible cases of the mutual substitution of atoms at sites of the ZrNiSn unit cell. Shows the result most consistent with experimental data. It was found that the disordered structure (Zr1-xNix)NiSn, x = 0.01, of the ZrNiSn compound is most probable. We note that the same result was obtained from structural studies of ZrNiSn. The partial (to 1 at %) substitution of Zr atoms with Ni atoms generates donor-type structural defects in the crystal, and the Fermi level is in the band gap which becomes narrower. It was also found that the minimum in the dependence of variations in the DoS at the Fermi level (DoSF(x)) for the disordered structure
(Zr1-xNix)NiSn of the ZrNiSn compound corresponds to the (Zr0.99Ni0.01)NiSn composition. In this semiconductor model, the Fermi level is in the band gap which is εg ≈ 282 meV.
The same question arises when analyzing the behavior of the dependences (x) and (x) in Zr1-xCexNiSn. For example, the (x) variation in the concentration range 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 shows that the modulation amplitude of the continuous energy bands of Zr1-xCexNiSn HDCSs increases. Indeed, the activation energies (x) increase from (x = 0.05) = 38.3 meV to (x) (x = 0.07) = 59.2 meV. As we already noted, such behavior is possible only when compensating electrons appear in the p-type semiconductor due to the ionization of donors whose appearance was not initially assumed. In Zr1-xCexNiSn samples, x > 0.05, the decrease in (x) indicates a decrease in the modulation amplitude of the continuous energy bands, which is possible only when the degree of compensation of Zr1-xCexNiSn decreases due to a decrease or termination of the generation of donor-type structural defects. Thus, the initial assumption that n-ZrNiSn doping with Ce atoms by substituting Zr atoms is accompanied by the generation of only donor-type structural defects in the crystal does not allow consistent explanation of the behavior of the energy characteristics of Zr1-xCexNiSn HDCS. The variations in the activation energy of hopping conduction (x) and the modulation amplitude of the continuous energy bands (x) unambiguously prove the existence of a donor source in HfNi1-xCеxSn. Further, we will identify the possible mechanism for the appearance of donors.
The series of studies on the crystalline structure, energy spectrum, and electro-kinetic parameters of the n-ZrNiSn intermetallic semiconductor heavily doped with the Ce impurity allowed determination of the variation in the degree of compensation of the semiconductor due to the generation of both structural defects of donor nature during the substitution of Zr atoms with Ce atoms and defects of donor nature during the partial substitution of Ni sites with Sn atoms. The n-ZrNiSn crystalline structure is disordered, and the Zr site can be occupied by Ni to ~1 at %, which generates structural defects of donor nature in the semiconductor and explains the mechanism of its “a priori doping with donors”.
The mechanism of the degree of compensation of the semiconductor as the result of the crystal structure transformation during doping, leading to the generation of structural defects of donor nature was established. The results of the electronic structure calculation are in agreement with experimental data and the Zr1-xCexNiSn semiconductor is a promising thermoelectric material. The results are discussed in the framework of the heavily doped and compensated semiconductor model by Shklovsky–Efros.
Key words: electronic structure, resistivity, thermo-power coefficient.

Кількість посилань 9

УДК 536.5

АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ОГЛЯД РЕПЕРНИХ ТОЧОК ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ

© Ігор Кунець, Ігор Микитин 2015
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна

Здійснено аналітичний огляд реперних точок температури МТШ-90, що ґрунтуються на основних і вторинних реперних точках температури. Кількість реперних точок температури обмежена, це призводить до того, що виникають великі температурні проміжки між реперними точками температури. Розглянуто переваги та недоліки використання евтектичних стопів як робочого матеріалу реперної точки температури, використання яких дасть змогу істотно зменшити температурні проміжки в МТШ-90.
Ключові слова: температура, реперна точка температури, евтектичні стопи, МТШ-90.

Проведен аналитический обзор реперных точек температуры МТШ-90, базирующихся на основных и вторичных реперных точках температуры. Количество реперных точек температуры ограничено, это приводит к тому, что возникают большие температурные промежутки между реперными точками температуры. Рассмотрены преимущества и недостатки использования эвтектических сплавов как рабочего материала реперной точки температуры, использование которых позволит существенно уменьшить температурные промежутки в МТШ-90.
Ключевые слова: температура, реперная точка температуры, эвтектические сплавы, МТШ-90.

Standards of physical quantities are used for reproduction and storage of physical units as well as for transfer its size by appropriate measuring instrument. The temperature is an intense value and is determined only indirectly depending on certain physical quantities of temperature, for example, resistance, thermoelectric power and so on. This situation has led to the fact that there are several temperature scales, each of which has its unit of temperature measure.
Therefore, the international temperature scale was proposed for the international standardization of temperature measurement. The basis of international temperature scale is temperature defining points based on well-reproducible phase transitions corresponding to the triple point (the temperature equilibrium between solid, liquid and gaseous phases) or the melting point or crystallization (temperature equilibrium of liquid and solid phases), mainly of pure metals. The cleanness of metal should be 99,999 %. The international temperature scale was improved for several times. The interpolation methods and temperature reference points has changed, but the principle remains the same - the basis of the scale is a set of phase transitions of pure substances and interpolation means graded at these points.
Currently the world uses the international temperature scale ITS-90 which was adopted at the XVIII General Conference on Weights and Measures. The major changes in scale compared to the previous related to the expansion of the range scale changing the temperature defining points, introduction of new interpolation devices and new methods of constructing interpolation dependencies for platinum resistance thermometers. Temperature scale ITS-90 is based on 17 basic temperature defining points. This leads to the fact that the scale has sufficiently large temperature intervals between temperature defining points some of which exceed 240 K. To reduce the temperature intervals between the temperature defining points ITS-90, the secondary temperature defining points are used. The boiling point, melting point and crystallization point of pure substances, eutectic alloys and compounds are used with the implementation of secondary temperature defining points. Uncertainty of reproduction the temperature by secondary temperature reference points is less than 1 mK.
Taking into consideration the above we can conclude that the eutectic alloys are used as raw material of secondary defining points with prospects of using in ITS-90. Eutectic alloy consists of two or more substances the crystallization process of which occurs simultaneously. The temperature crystallization of eutectic alloy is lower than the temperature crystallization of each of the materials used in the alloy. Its value depends on the percentage composition of components and on the uniformity of eutectic alloy.
The article presents the classification of eutectic alloys according to the composition of the substance. The composition of some existing eutectic alloys and their melting point is also presented.
The use of eutectic alloys as a working material of temperature defining point has several advantages: the emergence of new eutectic materials and their use in the future will significantly reduce the temperature intervals between temperature defining points ITS-90; eutectic temperature defining points can be used as a mobile, it allows you to calibrate the sensors directly on objects.
However, the eutectic temperature defining points have a number of disadvantages compared with the main temperature defining points ITS-90: uncertainty of reproduction of temperature phase transition by eutectic temperature defining points is more than by the basic temperature defining points; the working material of eutectic temperature defining points with eventually usage becomes heterogeneous that leads to changes in the shape and temperature plateau phase transition; the percentage of eutectic alloy which is used in temperatures defining points must be strictly followed.
The use of existing eutectic alloys allow in some cases to reduce the temperature intervals between temperature reference points more than 4 times. The emergence of new eutectic alloys will allow filling the temperature intervals by eutectic temperature reference points.
Therefore, further research is planned to investigate the dependence of change shape and temperature plateau phase transition of eutectic alloy from cyclical heating and cooling of temperature defining point, as well as development of methods and means of homogenizing the eutectic material of temperature defining point.
Key words: temperature, temperature defining point, eutectic alloys, ITS-90.

Кількість посилань 11

УДК 006+621.317.1+543.3+658.562

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОФІЗИЧНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ОЛІЙНИХ РІДИН В ЕЛЕКТРОМАГНІТНОМУ ПОЛІ

© Міхалєва Марина, Чурко Галина, 2015
Національний університет “ Львівська політехніка”, кафедра метрології, стандартизації та сертифікації,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна

Розглянуто основні проблеми якості фармацевтичних олій різних рослин. Визначено електрофізичні параметри олій розмарину, бергамоту, евкаліпту та мигдального горіха у електромагнітному полі різної частоти. Наведено фрагмент атласу залежностей складу ефірних олій від електричних параметрів для експресного контролю якості.
Ключові слова: імітанс, адмітанс, багатокомпонентна рідина, фармацевтична чистота, спектральна залежність, діелектрична проникність, активна складова провідності

Рассмотрены основные проблемы качества фармацевтических масел различных растений. Определены электрофизические параметры масел розмарина, бергамота, эвкалипта и миндального ореха в электромагнитном поле различной частоты. Приведен фрагмент атласа зависимостей состава эфирных масел от электрических параметров для экспрессного контроля качества.
Ключевые слова: иммитанс, адмитанс, многокомпонентная жидкость, фармацевтическая чистота, спектральная зависимость, диэлектрическая проницаемость, активная составляющая проводимости

Reviewed the main methods of using essential oils in aromatherapy, medicine, food and pharmaceutical industries. Formulated the concept of quality essential oils that covers their effectiveness and harmlessness. Found factors that affect the main warehouse oils and factors, that depends on the content of individual substances in essential oils. Set forth basic indicators of the quality of essential oils and the conditions of getting from plants.
Described the such problem of the quality of essential oils as falsification. Reviewed examples of substances that are used for adulteration of essential oils. Specified on the similarity of natural and adulterated oils on organoleptic characteristics and the difference in quality. Specified the necessity of using only natural oils for treatment. Refuted the information about the existence of essential oils from fruits and described the harm from such counterfeit products.
Defined the crucial issue of essential oils - naturalness. Describes how to get the natural oils from plants and are prohibited from use in oils components. Analyzed the duration and complexity of laboratory methods for quality control of essential oils and the lack of control of naturalness in Ukraine.
Asked to identify the essential oils in a magnetic field of different frequencies on the electrophysical parameters. Analyzed effectiveness studies of the composition of the modern devices. Tasked to develop a method for fast control quality of essential oils on the basis of the dependency of the electrical parameter from the composition of the oils. Determined the dependence of the dielectric conductivity of essential oils on their individual chemical composition and its informativeness about the composition of the essential oils and their physico-chemical properties. Tasked to investigate the electrical properties of the samples of the finished product and on the basis of the obtained results to create an atlas of the dependency of the active component of the conductivity from their individual chemical composition.
On the basis of the tasks conducted a number of studies electrophysical parameters of essential oils. To ensure accuracy, measurements used samples from 14 industrial units for each of the samples of the finished product. Studies performed using capacitive primary converter. Eliminated spurious effect on the readings. Defined electrophysical parameters oils of rosemary, bergamot, eucalyptus and almond in the electromagnetic field of varying frequency. According results the research created atlas dependency electrophysical parameters from the composition of essential oils. Shows a fragment of the atlas.
Conclusions are made about the dependence of the components of the complex conductivity of oils in the electromagnetic field of different frequencies from the chemical nature of the oil-bearing plants and selectivity of the created method. As well as improvement the rapid of methods of identification of natural oils and their quality control. Is proposed to use the received frequency dependence of electrical parameters of essential oils to improve (automation) certification studies and control in distribution networks.
Key words: immitance, admittance, multicоmponent liquid, pharmaceutical purity, spectral dependence, dielectric permeability, active component of the conductivity.

Кількість посилань 4

УДК 53.08:621.2.08

АНАЛІЗ ШКАЛ ВИМІРЮВАНЬ

 Мотало Василь, 2015
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, Львів, 79013, Україна

Розглянуто й проаналізовані основні питання теорії та принципи систематизації типів шкал вимірювань. Розглянуто види властивостей емпіричних об’єктів та особливості їх прояву і відповідні їм шкали вимірювань. Вибір і використання тієї чи іншої шкали і, відповідно, методики вимірювання залежить від виду вимірюваної величини та способу отримання вимірювальної інформації, тобто способу порівняння розмірів величин.
Ключові слова: метрологія, вимірювання, шкала величини, шкали вимірювань, шкали найменувань, шкали порядку, шкали інтервалів, шкали відношень, абсолютні шкали.

Рассмотрены и проанализированы основные вопросы теории и принципы систематизации типов шкал измерений. Рассмотрены виды свойств эмпирических объектов, особенности их проявления и соответствующие им шкалы измерений. Выбор и использование той или иной шкалы и, соответственно, методики измерения зависят от вида измеряемой величины и от способа получения измерительной информации, т. е. способа сравнения размеров величин.
Ключевые слова: метрология, измерения, шкала величины, шкалы измерений, шкалы наименований, шкалы порядка, шкалы интервалов, шкалы отношений.

The basic principles of systematization of measurement scales types are describes and analyses in this article. Properties types of the empirical objects and corresponding measurement scales are considered. According to VIM3 (“International vocabulary of metrology: Basic and general concepts and associated terms”), measurement scale (quantity-value scale) is an ordered set of quantity values of quantities of a given kind of quantity used in ranking, according to magnitude, quantities of that kind, for example, Celsius temperature scale, time scale, Rockwell C hardness scale etc.
According to the metric determination, depending on the type of the investigated empirical object, in particular, of its properties, and therefore the type of measured value, measurement scales are divided into the following types: non-metric scales: nominal scales and ordinal scales; metric scales: intervals scales, ratios scales and absolute scales. Metric scales – these are scales, which have the units of measurement (for eg., meter, ampere, m/s). Non-metric scales – these are scales, which do not have units of measurement.
According to the form of empirical data obtaining, measurement scales are divided into verbal, numerical and graphic. According to the number of the displayed properties of empirical objects, measurement scales are divided into one-dimensional and multidimensional.
Nominal scales are formed in the case when a certain property of empirical objects is evident only in respect of equivalence. The main informative parameter of such objects is their quantity (number), which is determined by counting. This feature can be displayed by any number or other mark that does not contain any information about the value size, which is inherent in this property. Nominal scales or scales of names are used in the measurement of objective evidences such as odor, color, blood groups, nationality, marital status, age, gender, work experience, qualifications, telephone numbers, passports, bar codes of products, etc.
Ordinal scales are formed in the case when a certain property of empirical objects is shown in relation of equivalence and order (of level). Located according to ascending or descending order, namely, according to the rank, the size of the measured values constitute ordinal scale or rank scale. The ordinal scale or rank scale is expressed in the form of an ordered sequence of points, marked with letters, numbers or symbols that meet certain values size Qі, і=1,2,3,…,п: Q1Q2Q3…Qп. It is known about the extent of the value Qі that one of them is always less than the next and larger than the previous one, but exactly the sizes are unknown. The hardness of minerals, sensitivity of films, the intensity of earthquakes, volume level and more are measured by the ordinal. Wind power is measured on 12-point Beaufort scale. The intensity of earthquakes is measured on a 10-point Richter scale.
Scales which are formed from strictly defined intervals are much more sophisticated, the so-called intervals scales, which are described by the equation , and the interval between the size of value Qі and Qj is exactly known. Value scale can be set on the intervals scale and there is adopted by agreement “conditional zero”. For example, in the Celsius temperature scale one degree (1 С) is equal to 1/100 interval between the temperature of melting ice, adopted as a starting point (0 С) and water boiling (100 С). So, the unit value and its dimension can be set on the intervals scale. According to interval scale it is possible to determine not only that one size is larger (smaller) from the other, but also how much more it is larger (smaller), it means that on intervals scale it is possible to perform mathematical operations such as addition and subtraction.
The most advanced, the most informative and the most common of all the measuring scales there are ratios scales, in which the starting point of reference is adopted by the point with really zero size value (“absolute zero”). An example of the ratio scale is Kelvin temperature scale. As the origin the absolute zero of temperature is taken, at which the thermal motion of molecules stops. The second point of reference is the melting temperature of ice. According to Celsius scale interval between the points of reference is 273.15 С. Therefore, on Kelvin scale it is divided into equal parts, each of which is 1/273.15 of the interval between the points of reference and is called Kelvin. Ratio scale serves for the submission of the measurement result, obtained by experimental comparison of і- size Qі with j-th size Qj according to rule . On the ratio scales it is possible to perform all arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. In this regard, ratio scales are the most widely used in metrology, particularly for measuring electrical quantities – amperage, voltage, electric resistance and others.
The absolute scale – this is a ratio scale (proportional or additive) of dimensionless quantity. The results of measurements in absolute scales can be expressed not only in terms of arithmetic values, but as a percentage, fractions of millionths (p.p.m.), parts per thousand, bits, bytes and decibels.
The choice and use of this or that scale and, therefore, measurement methodology depends on empirical objects properties, the type of measured value and obtaining method of measuring information, namely the way of comparison of the of the quantities sizes.
Key words: metrology, measurements, quantity-value scale, measurement scales, nominal scales, ordinal scales, interval scales, ratio scales, absolute scales.

Кількість посилань 13

УДК 681.518

ПРИСТРІЙ ДЛЯ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ПОВЕРХОНЬ РЕФЛЕКТОРІВ АНТЕН

© Паламар Михайло, Зелінський Ігор, Яворська Мирослава, 2015
Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя,
кафедра приладів і контрольно-вимірювальних систем, вул. Текстильна, 28, м. Тернопіль, 46016, Україна

Запропоновано схему приладу та оптичної системи для дистанційного вимірювання координат поверхні рефлектора за принципом суміщення світлових марок від монохромних джгутів. Наведено формули для обчислення координат точок сканованої поверхні за значеннями параметрів приладу. Подано оцінки точності значень вимірюваних величин.
Ключові слова: поверхня рефлектора, дистанційне вимірювання, оптична вимірювальна система, інструментальні похибки.

Предложена схема прибора и оптической системы для дистанционного измерения координат поверхности рефлектора путем совмещения световых марок от монохромных пучков. Приведены формулы для вычисления координат точек сканированной поверхности, исходя из значений параметров прибора. Даны оценки точности значений измеряемых величин.
Ключевые слова: поверхность рефлектора, дистанционные измерения, оптическая измерительная система, инструментальные погрешности.

The scheme of the device and the optical system for reflector surface measurement is proposed. The device implements a triangulation principle in the determination of distance to a remote point. The optical system forms two coaxial light beams of equal intensity. One beam directed at a right angle to the base. At the initial stage of the measurements second beam is direct in a manner to provide beams tracks juxtaposition on the beginning of the Cartesian coordinate system tied to the scanned surface. The displacement of the light beams tracks on a surface implemented by means of turning of the base around the point of its fixing, and the basis length changing in a neighborhood of its initial length value. The values of the point coordinates are determined through the base displacement and the angle of the base rotation, provided the juxtaposition of both beams. It should be noted that beam track on the surface is observed as a diffraction pattern on the ring diaphragm in the far zone with a clear expressed main peak whose diameter at the working distance (about 2–3 m) is approximately 0.2 mm. Visual observation of beams tracks juxtaposition is conduct by means of photographic system, which contains long-focal objective, a set of filters for laser light selection and digital camera. Monitoring is conduct on the computer screen at 50-fold magnifications of main peaks. It allowed us to make a conclusion about main peaks juxtaposition with accuracy ~ 0.1 mm. The formulas to calculate the coordinates of the point on the surface scanned through base rotation angle and base length displacement are given. An analysis of the performance parameters ranges of device depending on the size of the surface scanned is made. Also the sensitivity coefficients of measured values to device parameters are assessed. It is established that the instrumental errors of the device in the range of angle changing within (–5◦, 5◦) and the range of base displacement changing within (–12 cm, 12 cm) do not exceed fractions of tenths of a millimeter. To light beams displacement vertically there is a possibility in the device to rotate the optical system in the plane perpendicular to the base. A map of the surface deviation from the shape is formed with regard to assessments of instrumental errors in a defined range of the device settings change.
Key words: reflector surface, distance measurements, optical measurement system, instrumental errors.
Кількість посилань 6

УДК 621.317

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АКУСТИЧНИХ МЕТОДІВ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ В РІДИНАХ

© Петровська Ірина, Івах Роман, Сопрунюк Анастасія, 2015
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна

Досліджено можливість вимірювань температури у воді із застосуванням двох акустичних методів: ехо-пульс і часоімпульсного. Для проведення вимірювань використано потоковий канал, через який пропускали воду, температура якої змінювалась і вимірювалась з використанням ультразвукових сенсорів. Встановлено залежність температури води від параметрів ультразвукового сигналу. Проведені дослідження показали, як саме змінюється швидкість звуку у воді зі зміною температури у ній. Наведено графік отриманого сигналу зі зміною температури від 10 °С до 60 °С.

Исследована возможность измерений температуры в воде с использованием двух акустических методов: эхо-пульс и время-импульсного. Для проведения измерений использовано потоковый канал, через который пропускали воду, температура которой изменялась и измерялась с использованием ультразвуковых сенсоров. Выявлено зависимость между амплитудой и временем ультразвукового сигнала. Проведенные испытания показали, как именно изменяется скорость звука в воде с изменением температуры в ней. Представлено график полученного сигнала с изменением температуры от 10 °С до 60 °С.

In this work the subject of the research is the average temperature of liquids by using two acoustic methods: echo-pulse method and time-pulse method. For conducting the measurements the flow channel is used, through which water was passed, the temperature of which has changed and which must be measured. For the temperature measurements ultrasonic sensors are used, which are fixed on both sides of the current channel. The calculation of the special design of the mounting is made and the ultrasonic sensors are chosen. The size estimation of the glass coupling rod is made, based on the average temperature of the glass cylinder, thermal resistance, cylindrical glass square.The block diagram is presented for measuring the passage time of the ultrasonic signal in the measuring channel, according to which the transmitter and receiver are in direct contact with the pipe. For better contact ultrasonic gel was used. In addition, the oscilloscope to measure audio signals and device for generating acoustic pulses and their measurement using echo-pulse method are used. The results of studies using the echo pulse and the time-pulse methods are presented. The first measurement of the echo-pulse method was performed using the ultrasonic sensor on the pipe when the flow of water is active and the temperature of the water in the thermostat is fixed in the range from +10 C to 60 °C. The second dimension using this method is conducted when the flow of water is inactive in conditions of the same temperatures. The obtained results of measurements using the time-pulse method with an oscilloscope and an exemplary device when the temperature changes from 20 °C to 60 °C in increment of 10 are presented. The graphs of the dependencies obtained for all investigated temperatures are depicted. It is revealed that the current times of the sound pulses with increasing temperature are short. The chart is moved to the left. The signal on the oscilloscope screen in conditions of 60 °C is received. The first channel shows the audio signal acquiring with an exemplary device. The second channel shows the measuring signal. The next measurement is made with a glass cylinder, which is placed between the pipe and the ultrasonic sensor. The results of measurements using a glass cylinder in the temperature range from 20 °C to 60 °C are presented. The results of the carried out measurements show how the amplitude of the ultrasonic signals with a signal change is modified. Having this change it is possible to find the temperature which is needed to be determined. By using oscilloscope the dependence between amplitude and time of the ultrasonic signal is revealed. Studies have shown in which way the sound speed in water is changing with its internal temperature change.

Кількість посилань 10

УДК 621.317.73+612.014.422

РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ ТА АНАЛІЗ ВАРІАНТІВ АПАРАТНОЇ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПОРТАТИВНИХ ЧАСТОТНИХ АНАЛІЗАТОРІВ ІМПЕДАНСУ

 Стадник Богдан1, Хома Володимир2, Хома Юрій1, 2015

Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
1кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій, 2 кафедра захисту інформації,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, Львів-79013, Україна

Описано та проаналізовано три варіанти побудови портативних частотних аналізаторів імпедансу на сучасній елементній базі та розглянуто можливості їх використання в поєднанні із ПК, а саме: на базі спеціалізованих мікросхем AD5933/AD5934, сигнального мікроконтролера STM32F4, програмованої логічної матриці сім’ї Cyclone. Також наведено алгоритми функціонування ЧАІ, з описом процедур калібрування та визначення параметрів АВП, коригування та опрацювання результатів вимірювання.
Ключові слова: імпеданс, вимірювальний перетворювач, сигнальний мікроконтролер, програмована логічна матриця.

Описаны и проанализированы три варианта построения портативных частотных анализаторов импеданса на современной элементной базе и рассмотрены возможности их использования в сочетании с ПК, а именно: на базе специализированных микросхем AD5933 / AD5934, сигнального микроконтроллера STM32F4, программируемой логической матрицы семейства Cyclone. Также приведены алгоритмы функционирования ЧАИ, включающие описание процедур калибровки и определения параметров АИП, корректировки и обработки результатов измерения.
Ключевые слова: импеданс, измерительный преобразователь, сигнальный микроконтроллер, программируемая логическая матрица.

Impedance spectroscopy is widely used to study biological, physical and chemical objects, for example in biomedical measurements, in study of the materials properties, particularly on micro- and nanoscale, for corrosion monitoring and diagnostics, for control of batteries, fuel cells. Often research is carried out on a objects under non-laboratory conditions. A good example of such research is the use of impedance spectroscopy for testing of corrosion-resistant coatings on various steel structures such as bridges, pipelines and other. This leads to the need for cheap, small portable measuring devices – impedance analyzers.
A novel concept for design of portable impedance analyzers have been developed in the article. The main idea is based on minimization of the analog part of measurement channel, as well as on the replacement of a number of functions to a personal computer. Three variants of design of portable impedance analyzers are described and analyzed in the article.
The first option involves the use of single-chip converter AD5933, combined with universal processor Atmega16U2 and external operational amplifier. The hardware implementation is quite simple, but the main disadvantage is limited frequency band (maximum frequency converter AD5933 is 100 kHz). Also this approach has no possibility for tuning and optimization of measuring channel parameters.
The second implementation of portable impedance analyzers is based on the STM32F4 digital signal controller with built-in DACs and ADCs, which makes it an extremely attractive in terms of flexibility and simplicity in the design. However, the drawback of this implementation includes limited frequency band (100 kHz).
The third option involves the implementation of digital part of the impedance analyzer (CPU, DDS and DSP blocks) on FPGA in combination with external DAC and ADC. This method is the most flexible in terms of configuration, as the digital part enables optimization of measurement channel parameters and DAC and ADC specifications can be chosen according to current application needs. The main disadvantage of this approach is relatively high price and power consumption.

Key words: impedance, measurement converter, digital signal controller, field-programmable gate array.

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